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让外国人都惊叹的古代净水方式,可追溯到数百年前!


1982年,在浙江嘉善新港,人们发现一口四百多年前的水井,井底垫有一层厚10厘米的河蚬贝壳,河蚬壳层上竖立木质井筒。这就是我国最早用来过滤、净化井水的净水装置。

随着现代社会水污染问题的加剧,健康意识的增强,很多家庭越来越重视水质问题,干净无菌的水也成为了追求品质生活的重要前提。现代社会的科学技术发展,我们找出了各式各样的净水方式,包括氯、汞灯、臭氧、紫外线杀菌等等,那么在几百甚至几千年前,科技并不完善的古代,人们又是如何对水进行净化杀菌的呢?

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在中国古代江南一带,人们打井都是在地上打一深坑,在深坑中用石块铺好井底,垒起井壁,然后在井壁外围填充竹炭,再在竹炭外围垒起石块,一口水井就这样打成了。由于竹炭具有超强的净水和改善水质的功能,所以地底水经过井壁中竹炭的净化过滤,井水就变得清澈甘甜。古井中对于竹炭的运用,足以体现我们祖先的伟大智慧。

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我国采用明矾净水的最早文字记载,见于明崇祯十年(1637年)宋应星刻印的科技类百科全书——《天工开物》。外国人对中国这项水质净化技术也有生动的记述。一位叫纳瓦雷特的西班牙教士,在1745年左右出版的《中国帝国游记》一书中明确记录,当时,他在中国目睹了一项神奇的发明——黄河沿岸百姓大都掌握了用明矾使黄河水变清的技术。他还感慨道:“这是自然的秘密,为当时西方所不知。”

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人们在浙江永嘉县溪口乡一座村子中,发现一组5个依次排开的水池。经浙江省考古所和当地专家鉴定认定,这组水池为明代晚期户主家曾使用过的净水池。这套保留完好的古代净水系统,水源是用户用陶制水管铺成的输水道,从700多米外的山脚引来的。这组水池5个池子之间的水,通过溢流方式传输。5个池子逐级净化,还可以防止逆流造成水质污染。

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除了对水进行净化处理之外,古人对茶水、酒水方面也做到了一丝不苟。

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关于中国古代净水器具,有许多明确详尽的记载。“茶圣”陆羽在《茶经》中记有专门用于净化煮茶用水的器具——漉水囊。它主要是用生铜铸造。有些隐居山林的人也用竹篾木制作,但木竹质地软,不适合带着远路出行。还有人用绿色油布制作袋子来存装漉水囊。“圆径五寸,柄一寸五分”,准确地记录了这种净化滤水器的造型、规格和尺寸。

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还有一种过滤酒水用的植物——苞茅(苞,通“包”)。古人把它束成捆状的菁茅。在祭祀时,把裹束着的菁茅放置在木盒中,用来过滤掉酒水中的渣滓,以提高纯净度。时至今日,湖北等地还保持这种苞茅缩酒的传统习俗。

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水质的好坏,直接影响我们的身体健康。在自然环境保护相对良好的古代,人们尚且有净水意识。而在当代,作为生命之源的水,现状却令人堪忧。 

运输过程中的水管老化、破损,蓄水池的清洗不当,水中重金属、病菌残留,消毒方式不当,净水设备的二次污染都会导致水源最终的污染。没有在出水末端进行最后一次把关,我们的水源就无法被保证洁净安全。


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